Much of Kerala 's notable
biodiversity is concentrated and protected in the Agasthyamalai
Biosphere Reserve in the eastern hills. Almost a fourth of India's
10,000 plant species are found in the state. Among the almost 4,000
flowering plant species (1,272 of which are endemic to Kerala and 159 threatened) are 900 species of highly sought medicinal plants.
Its 9,400 km² of forests include tropical wet
evergreen and semi-evergreen forests (lower and middle
elevations—3,470 km²), tropical moist and dry deciduous forests
(mid-elevations—4,100 km² and 100 km², respectively), and montane
subtropical and temperate ( shola ) forests (highest elevations—100 km²). Altogether, 24% of Kerala is forested Two of the world's Ramsar Convention listed wetlands—Lake Sasthamkotta and the Vembanad-Kol wetlands—are in Kerala ,
as well as 1455.4 km² of the vast Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve. Subjected
to extensive clearing for cultivation in the 20th century, much of the
remaining forest cover is now protected from clearfelling. Kerala 's
fauna are notable for their diversity and high rates of endemism: 102
species of mammals (56 of which are endemic), 476 species of birds, 202
species of freshwater fishes, 169 species of reptiles (139 of them
endemic), and 89 species of amphibians (86 endemic). These are
threatened by extensive habitat destruction, including soil erosion,
landslides, salinization, and resource extraction.
Eastern Kerala 's windward mountains shelter tropical moist forests and tropical dry forests, which are common in the Western Ghats. Here, sonokeling (Indian rosewood), anjili , mullumurikku ( Erythrina ), and Cassia number among the more than 1,000 species of trees in Kerala .
Other plants include bamboo, wild black pepper, wild cardamom, the
calamus rattan palm (a type of climbing palm), and aromatic vetiver
grass ( Vetiveria zizanioides ). Living among them are such fauna as Asian Elephant, Bengal Tiger, Leopard ( Panthera pardus ), Nilgiri Tahr, Common Palm Civet, and Grizzled Giant Squirrel. Reptiles include the king cobra, viper, python, and crocodile. Kerala 's
birds are legion—Peafowl, the Great Hornbill, Indian Grey Hornbill,
Indian Cormorant, and Jungle Myna are several emblematic species. In
lakes, wetlands, and waterways, fish such as kadu (stinging catfish and Choottachi (Orange chromide— Etroplus maculatus ; valued as an aquarium specimen) are found.
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